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What is it Osteoporosis
Description: Bone mass (both organic and inorganic) and its tolerability and reduction in systemic skeletal disorder characterized by an increase in fracture risk as a result.
- The most common metabolic bone disease
- Most common in postmenopausal women (after menopause) the estrogen deficiency (type 1)
- Normal aging and bone density decreases. (Type 2) (Senile (old), osteoporosis)
- The most common cause of androgen deficiency in men.
There are two types of osteoporosis.
1) Type 1 osteoporosis (postmenopausal) (increased destruction)
- Common in women between the ages of 50-70.
- Are more than trabecular bone.
Vertebral fractures and distal radius-is.
- PTH (PTH) is reduced.
2) Type 2 osteoporosis (senile) (decreased production)
- Frequently over 65 years.
Cortical and trabecular bone-kept.
-Proximal femur, tibia, pelvic fractures often.
-PTH and ALT increases, vit-D drops.
I mentioned this primary causes of osteoporosis. Now talk about the causes of secondary osteoporosis, a disease that occurs due to another disease, osteoporosis.
Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis:
-Endocrine (hormonal) diseases (the most common estrogen deficiency, hyperthyroidism, hipogodadizm)
-Sedentary life (sedentary lifestyle)
-GIS (Digestive System) disorders
-Genetic diseases
-drug use (steroids, heparin)
-Bone marrow diseases
Chronic alcoholism and smoking
-Nutritional (nutritional) deficiencies (Ca, vit-D, vitamin K, protein deficiency)
Treatment:
In women, estrogen, androgen replacement therapy should be done in men.
Ca (1200 mg / day) and given low-dose D-vit.
Calcitonin may be preferred in patients with bone pain.
Prolonging the average life expectancy of pancreatic cancer, the American people in the United States significantly increased incidence of CONTENTS. Tumor patients, 98% in more than fatal. In 2000, 28 200 people died from pancreatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, this result is the fifth cause of cancer-related mortality in the order makes the most common. The disease is more common in men than in white women and black race. Occurs rarely under the age of 50.
Very little is known about the causes of pancreatic cancer. The most consistent risk factor for smoking, heavy smokers than nonsmokers in two to three times as common in the disease. This relationship, direct carcinogenic effect of tobacco on pancreatic metobolitlerinin or occurring more frequently in smokers impact on another as yet undefined is not defined. Long-term diabetes mellitus, as pancreatic cancer, increased risk in patients with chronic pankreatili. Obesity is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, the risk is directly dependent on increased caloric intake. Alcohol abuse is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, and cholelithiasis. Pancreatic cancer is not related to coffee consumption. Human pancreatic cancer samples in 85% more than the K-ras mutations in the genes, respectively. Also play a role in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma, pancreatic cancer is linked to 9p21 krozomunda mutation in the gene.
More than 90% of pancreatic cancers are ductal adenocarcinoma, islet cell tumors of the remaining 5% - 10% of. Pancreatic cancers, head of the pancreas (70% of cases) of the gland body (20%) and tail (10%) than the two regions are more often than once.
The first symptoms associated with pancreatic cancer is insidious than jaundice and are found in a minority over the previous two months. More than 75% of patients have pain and weight loss. The pain is typically a rodent in character, the visceral type, the back sometimes spreads out to epigastriyumda. Can reach very large sizes before Saptanmadan gland tumors arising from parts of the body or tail pain is usually a bigger problem. Eğilmekle forward relief to a certain extent, is characteristic for the pain. Rarely occurs in significant pain. In most patients, weight loss, anorexia mainly depends on the disease, however, some diseases, weight loss occurs in the first period.
Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
Complete resection of the only effective treatment of this disease is surgical removal of pancreatic tumors. Unfortunately such curative operations in patients with pancreatic cancer, only% - 15% is possible when, they are generally seen as the first symptom of jaundice in patients with pancreatic head tumor. Chance to complete a full treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer is surgical resection only limited numbers of patients, although less applicable, then such operations only% 5-year survival rate is 10.
The average survival in patients with pancreatic cancer can not go out a surgical operation for 6 months. Regulated by the initial treatment of symptoms. For patients who can walk in the biliary system that are head of the pancreas to regulate tumor surgery should be considered. Jaundice is already present, endoscopic biliary decompression can be applied or peruktan nonperatif way, transhepatic biliary drainage or surgical biliary by-pass can be done.
Pakreas with widespread metastasis, chemotherapy for cancer patients has been disappointing. Quality of life has increased the rate of gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. However, improvement in survival periods showed only a moderate degree. Not agree with the experimental treatment, initial treatment of patients, outpatients should be established.
Varicocele scrotum (sack containing the testicles) is the name given to an increase in the vascularity. Varicocele in the scrotum (the increase in testicular vascularization in a bag) start to increase in temperature of the testicles as a result of the development. Normally, the testicles from the body has an extremely low temperatures, the temperatures required for the production of sperm in the testes. The normal body temperature for sperm are produced, they remain motionless. This impairs sperm production and infertility causes temperature rise.
At the same time 2 One reason for infertility due to varicocele, varicocele developing veins (veins) and penile blood flow impairs the prints. The top of the testicle and testicular ducts (epididymis) that prints the output of the arteries prevents the sperm testis, penis, testis sperm infertility for atılamadığı develops. 90-95% have varicocele on the left side, right side because the testicular veins, veins than in a large vein connects to the left side. That is a right-sided venous blood, the more likely "threshold" is poured, the left side is limited and a relatively small "dams" that tries to spill blood vessel full of exfoliation and the expansion of the varicocele may cause a problem. Sol spinning backwards in this way (which reflux, the dam speechless) blood, creates a varicocele.
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